Light Switch Wiring

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Light Dependent Resistors

LDRs or lightweight Dependent Resistors are terribly helpful particularly in light/dark sensor circuits. Normally the resistance of an LDR is incredibly high, typically as high as a thousand 000 ohms, however once they are illuminated with lightweight resistance drops dramatically.

 The animation opposite shows that when the torch is turned on, the resistance of the LDR falls, permitting current to have it.Circuit Wizard software has been used to show, the vary of values of a ORP12, LDR .
When a light-weight level of a thousand lux (bright light) is directed towards it, the resistance is 400R (ohms).

When a light-weight level of ten lux (very low light level) is directed towards it, the resistance has risen dramatically to ten.43M (10430000 ohms).

This is an example of a light-weight sensor circuit :

When the sunshine level is low the resistance of the LDR is high. This prevents current from flowing to the bottom of the transistors. Consequently the LED doesnt lightweight. However, when lightweight shines onto the LDR its resistance falls and current flows into the bottom of the primary transistor and then the second transistor. The LED lights.

The preset resistor will be turned up or right down to increase or decrease resistance, during this means it will build the circuit additional or less sensitive.

Source by : Streampowers

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A Simple yet Effective LED Strobe Light Circuit Explained

You might be quite familiar with strobe lights and should have seen them pretty commonly in parties and discotheques. Although these devices use laser lighta for the generation of the required strobe effect, using high bright LEDs can also be a good alternative, if many of are included. Here we discuss a very simple yet very effective LED strobe light circuit which is in fact more innovative than its commercial counterparts as it produces a chasing effect to lights while implementing the strobing effect simultaneously.

Image Credit - http://www.dinodirect.com/stage-effects-strobe-light-led-ktv-home-decorative-lighting-four-layers.html

Circuit Description:

The circuit is highly innovative and versatile, it actually can be used in many different applications, like in toys, decoration items, as party lights, and in avionics for displaying warning signals from the airplane (tail light probably).

The circuit utilizes the popular IC 4017 for generating the basic chasing or sequencing output through its outputs.

However the above chasing effect becomes a very primary application of the IC and here we are not looking for just a chasing effect, rather we are interested in the strobing pattern which is induced in the circuit by forcing the outputs of the 4017 IC to flash or blink rapidly as it sequences the lights.

To make the IC output strobe, we introduce another IC 4049 and integrate it to the LEDs in the circuit. The IC 4049 basically consists of 6 NOT gate. 

Here two of them are used and configured as an oscillator. Two of the gates are used buffers for facilitating better grounding effect to the LEDs, while the remaining two are used as another oscillator for driving the IC 4017 clock input.

The strobing oscillator and the clocking oscillator can be varied discretely through the respective pots for creating user defined intriguing LED strobe effects.

The LEDs common cathode termination is not connected to its usual position, i.e. to the ground; rather it’s connected to the output of the buffer NOT gates.

The oscillator from the 4049 IC transmits; rapid high and low logic pulses to the buffers which carry forward the response to the LED cathode. When the buffer out is high the LEDs remain shut off during that instant.

However the moment the buffer outputs go low, the LEDs light up and flash rapidly while sequencing, as the LED cathodes now find the ground path through the buffer low output.

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Automatic LED Emergency Light Circuit

This is one of the most cost effective (cheap) and simple emergency light circuit developed for CircuitsToday – This is an automatic emergency lamp with day light sensing, means it senses darkness/night and turns ON automatically. Similarly it senses day light and turns OFF automatically.

A simple emergency lamp which does not require any special equipment; even a multimeter to assemble and use. Any individual who can do a good quality soldering must be able to build this circuit successfully. This can be easily accommodated in the defunct two 6 watt tube National Emergency Lamp or any PL tube type emergency lamp. The difference will be in the working; it will work non stop for more than 8 hours. Deep discharge is taken care by the LED characteristic and over charge protection is taken care by the fixed voltage regulator.This uses a simple 3Pin fixed regulator which has a built in current limiting circuit. The only required adjustment is the preset which has to be set to ensure the LEDs just light up (it should be left at that position). The 5mm LDR is just mounted on top of the emergency light as shown in the photograph. LDR is used to avoid it lighting up during day time or when the room lights are ON. 2 LEDs are used in series; the dropping resistance is avoided and 2 LEDs light up with current that is required for a single LED,  by which energy is saved to a great extent.

Circuit diagram :

 

Simple Emergency Light Circuit Diagram

Note:

This circuit is developed by Mr.Seetharaman for readers of CircuitsToday. This particular circuit has been kept so simple for people who has limited access to components or in other words this is an emergency light that you can build with minimum components. In addition to circuit diagram, He has shared photographs of the prototype he made in National emergency light and a PCB design.

Source :www.circuitstoday.com

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Brake Light Signal Module

Generates 4 short flashes, followed by a steady on light
Can drive LED Arrays at currents up to 1 Amp

Circuits of this kind are intended to drive LED Arrays in order to create more visibility and conspicuity when a vehicle is stopped or stopping. This circuit, in particular, will emit a visual alerting signal of 4 short flashes, followed by a steady on light that remains steady on as long as the brakes are applied.

Circuit operation:

IC1 internal oscillator generates a square wave whose frequency is divided 64 times by the flip-flops contained in the chip in order to obtain about 1 to 4Hz at pin #4: this is the LED Array flashing frequency and can be set to the desired value by means of R3. A positive signal at D1 Cathode stops the oscillator after 5 pulses are counted. C2 and R1 automatically reset the IC whenever the brakes are applied. Q1 is the LED Array driver: LEDs will be on when pin #4 of IC1 goes low.

Parts:

R1_____________10K 1/4W Resistor
R2____________220K 1/4W Resistor
R3____________500K 1/2W Trimmer, Cermet or Carbon
R4______________1K8 1/4W Resistor (See Note)
R5______________1K8 1/4W Resistor
C1_____________47µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor
C2______________1µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor
C3_____________10nF 63V Polyester Capacitor
D1___________1N4148 75V 150mA Diode
IC1____________4060 14 stage ripple counter and oscillator IC
Q1____________BC327 45V 800mA PNP Transistor (See Note)
SW1____________SPST Brake Switch
B1______________12V Vehicle Battery

Note:

• The transistor type suggested for Q1 will drive LED Arrays at currents up to 500mA. To drive Arrays requiring higher currents (up to 1A and even more) use a BD436 (32V 4A PNP Transistor) for Q1 and a 1K resistor for R4.

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Midnight Security Light

Most thefts happen after midnight hours when people enter the second phase of sleep called ‘paradoxical’ sleep. Here is an energy-saving circuit that causes the thieves to abort the theft attempt by lighting up the possible sites of intrusion (such as kitchen or backyard of your house) at around 1:00 am. It automatically resets in the morning. The circuit is fully automatic and uses a CMOS IC CD 4060 to get the desired time delay. Light-dependent resistor LDR1 controls reset pin 12 of IC1 for its automatic action. During day time, the low resistance of LDR1 makes pin 12 of IC1 ‘high,’ so it doesn’t oscillate. After sunset, the high resistance of LDR1 makes pin 12 of IC1 ‘low’ and it starts oscillating, which is indicated by the fashing of LED2 connected to pin 7 of IC1. The values of oscillator components (resistors R1 and R2 and capacitor C4) are chosen such that output pin 3 of IC1 goes ‘high’ after seven hours, i.e., around 1 am.

This high output drives triac 1 (BT136) through D5 and R3. Bulb L1 connected between the phase line and M2 terminal of triac 1 turns on when the gate of triac 1 gets the trigger voltage from pin 3 of IC1. It remains ‘on’ until pin 12 of IC1 becomes high again in the morning. Capacitors C1 and C3 act as power reserves, so IC1 keeps oscillating even if there is power interruption for a few seconds. Capacitor C2 keeps trigger pin 12 of IC1 high during day time, so slight changes in light intensity don’t affect the circuit.

Circuit diagram:

Midnight Security Light Circuit Diagram

Using preset P1 you can adjust the sensitivity of LDR1. Power supply to the circuit is derived from a step-down transformer T1 (230V AC primary to 0-9V, 300mA secondary), rectifed by a full-wave rectifer comprising diodes D1 through D4 and fltered by capacitor C1. Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB with adequate spacing between the components. Sleeve the exposed leads of the components. Using switch S1 you can turn on the lamp manually. Enclose the unit in a plastic case and mount at a location that allows adequate daylight.

Caution:

Since the circuit uses 230V AC, many of its points are at AC mains voltage. It could give you lethal shock if you are not careful. So if you don’t know much about working with line voltages, do not attempt to construct this circuit. We will not be responsible for any kind of resulting loss or damage.

Source:  http://www.ecircuitslab.com/2012/02/midnight-security-light.html

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